Table 6 Effects of TMT heterogeneity on OFDI commitment (using Teachman’s index)

Functional background heterogeneity

0.654^c

0.629^c

1.599^c

1.535^c

20.789^c

19.960^c

(Teachman’s index)

(0.188)

(0.187)

(0.463)

(0.459)

(5.943)

(5.901)

Tenure heterogeneity

−0.502^c

−0.485^c

−1.222^c

−1.181^c

−15.537^c

−14.971^c

(0.137)

(0.135)

(0.333)

(0.332)

(4.295)

(4.274)

Firm age

−0.067^c

−0.062^c

−0.058^c

−0.166^c

−0.153^c

−0.144^c

−2.073^c

−1.918^c

−1.796^c

(0.008)

(0.008)

(0.008)

(0.020)

(0.020)

(0.020)

(0.255)

(0.261)

(0.259)

Firm size

0.222^c

0.224^c

0.235^c

0.564^c

0.567^c

0.595^c

6.630^c

6.675^c

7.032^c

(0.031)

(0.031)

(0.031)

(0.078)

(0.078)

(0.079)

(1.004)

(1.004)

(1.011)

State share

−0.178^a

−0.164^a

−0.162^a

−0.459^a

− 0.425^a

− 0.420^a

−7.352^b

−6.935^b

−6.854^b

(0.098)

(0.098)

(0.098)

(0.240)

(0.240)

(0.240)

(3.122)

(3.125)

(3.123)

Foreign share

−0.340

−0.348

−0.356

− 0.728

−0.746

− 0.838

−10.745

−10.892

−12.130

(0.263)

(0.261)

(0.261)

(0.636)

(0.632)

(0.632)

(8.258)

(8.204)

(8.210)

Financial leverage

0.001

0.001

0.001

−0.001

0.001

0.001

0.036

0.049

0.058

(0.007)

(0.007)

(0.007)

(0.015)

(0.016)

(0.016)

(0.203)

(0.209)

(0.209)

Operating leverage

0.002

0.001

0.002

0.004

0.003

0.004

0.073

0.054

0.064

(0.007)

(0.006)

(0.007)

(0.016)

(0.016)

(0.016)

(0.222)

(0.216)

(0.225)

Foreign revenue ratio

1.300^c

1.306^c

1.283^c

3.190^c

3.202^c

3.150^c

40.483^c

40.690^c

39.977^c

(0.148)

(0.148)

(0.147)

(0.375)

(0.374)

(0.372)

(4.813)

(4.811)

(4.780)

TMT size

0.006

0.008

0.005

0.015

0.020

0.014

0.186

0.251

0.167

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.012)

(0.012)

(0.012)

(0.160)

(0.157)

(0.159)

Board size

0.005

0.008

0.006

0.010

0.015

0.021

0.174

0.248

0.187

(0.023)

(0.023)

(0.023)

(0.056)

(0.056)

(0.056)

(0.724)

(0.723)

(0.721)

Independent board

0.042

0.091

−0.008

0.068

0.208

−0.047

1.743

3.763

0.352

(0.666)

(0.663)

(0.663)

(1.621)

(1.610)

(1.612)

(20.837)

(20.738)

(20.745)

Foreign background

0.137

0.201

0.139

0.392

0.544

0.392

3.102

5.000

3.077

(0.449)

(0.447)

(0.446)

(1.092)

(1.084)

(1.084)

(14.062)

(13.996)

(13.983)

Constant

−8.365^c

−7.316^c

−8.359^c

−37.288

−34.077

−35.793

−446.605

−431.232

−453.156

(0.787)

(0.709)

(0.782)

(779.197)

(443.334)

(264.231)

(4099.070)

(10,865.22)

(5140.057)

Industry dummies

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Year dummies

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Log likelihood

−1597.520

−1596.759

− 1590.902

−2189.611

−2188.821

− 2182.980

−3306.984

− 3306.532

− 3300.544

Wald chi²

233.05^c

233.74^c

240.94^c

201.76^c

202.91^c

207.41^c

186.83^c

187.21 ^c

191.89^c