Is transformational leadership always good for employee task performance? Examining curvilinear and moderated relationships

Frontiers of Business Research in China

Table 6 Hierarchical regression results on employee task performance

Variable	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
Step 1: Control variable
Age	0.052	0.002	0.034	0.031	0.039
Gender	−0.115	−0.084	− 0.086	−0.085	− 0.065
Education	0.002	−0.011	−0.066	− 0.064	−0.037
Seniority3	−0.624^**	−0.579^**	− 0.662^**	−0.660^**	− 0.640^**
Seniority4	0.613^**	0.594^**	0.612^**	0.612^**	0.595^**
Step 2: Independent variable
TL		0.313^**	0.094	0.102	0.018
Step 3: Quadratic term main effects
Transformational leadership squared (TL²)			−0.279^*	−0.282^*	−0.286^*
Step 4: Moderating variable
PP				0.014	−0.186
Step 5: Moderation effects
TL×PP					0.382^**
TL² × PP					0.495^**
R²	0.144	0.240	0.268	0.268	0.316
Change in F	4.426^**	6.890^**	6.795^**	5.094^**	5.880^**
Change in R²	0.144	0.096	0.028	0.000	0.048