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Table 3 Descriptive statistics of R&D (%)

From: R&D spending, strategic position and firm performance

 

No. of obs.

No. of obs. (R&D > 0)

Percentage (R&D > 0)

Mean

Median

Std. Dev.

25th Pctl.

75th Pctl.

Panel A

 Industry

  Food and beverage

587

474

80.7%

1.306

0.520

1.735

0.070

2.190

  Textile, clothes and fur

395

334

84.6%

1.837

1.730

1.426

0.611

3.010

  Timber and furniture

83

68

81.9%

1.641

1.580

1.269

0.250

2.610

  Paper making and printing

225

207

92.0%

2.371

2.019

1.856

0.920

3.540

  Petroleum, chemistry, rubber and plastic

1308

1150

87.9%

2.375

2.585

2.029

0.296

3.585

  Electronics

739

696

94.2%

5.360

4.602

3.578

3.190

6.756

  Metal and non-metal

1156

994

86.0%

2.149

1.740

2.131

0.200

3.451

  Machinery, equipment and instrument

2971

2826

95.1%

4.189

3.690

2.886

2.660

5.120

  Medicine and biological products

871

811

93.1%

3.517

3.210

2.752

1.499

4.873

  Other manufacturing

51

42

82.4%

2.083

2.406

1.480

0.200

3.080

  Total

8386

7602

89.1%

2.683

2.408

2.114

0.990

3.821

Panel B

 Year

  2009

630

361

57.3%

1.290

0.118

2.015

0.000

2.190

  2010

712

507

71.2%

1.838

1.065

2.241

0.000

3.075

  2011

916

803

87.7%

2.728

2.566

2.502

0.612

3.805

  2012

1078

1027

95.3%

3.327

3.190

2.584

1.550

4.243

  2013

1172

1133

96.7%

3.562

3.279

2.816

1.808

4.469

  2014

1211

1169

96.5%

3.654

3.310

2.913

1.740

4.620

  2015

1272

1240

97.5%

3.875

3.435

2.909

2.010

5.020

  2016

1395

1362

97.6%

4.009

3.570

2.902

2.270

5.140

  Total

8386

7602

87.5%

3.035

2.567

2.610

1.249

4.070

  1. Notes. This table shows the percentage of observations with positive R&D spending and the descriptive statistics of R&D spending across industries in Panel A and across years in Panel B. R&D (%) is the percentage of R&D spending to operating income